英国历代国王世袭表

 

 

一、诺曼王朝  Norman Britain  （1066-1154）

1、William I (the conqueror)

Duke of Normandy（1035 -1087）、King of England（1066 -1087）.

① Killed Harold, the king of England in the battle of Hasting, then was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of York.

② Built a string of defence castles to ensure his military control of the whole country.

③ Replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So        the feudal system was completely established in England.

④ He gave his barons large estates in England in return for a military service and a proportion of land’s produce.

⑤ Replaced the Witan with the Grant Council of his new tenants-in-chief.

⑥ Sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, completed in 1086. Today it’s kept in the Public Records Office.

⑦ His policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold its power.

William the Conqueror

William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.

The battle of Hastings

In 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day's battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.

feudal system

One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king. At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs.

Domesday Book

Under William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.

2、William II (William Rufus)

King of England（1087 -1100）

He was killed when he was hunting in the New Forest.

3、Henry I

King of England（1100 -1135）

He tried a pacific approach to Scotland, he married King Malcolm III’s daughter, Matilda.

4、Stephen

King of England（1135 -1154）

二、安茹(金雀花)王朝  The Plantagenet（1154-1399）

Henry II

King of England（1154 -1189）, Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou, Duke of Aquitaine.

Henry II’s Reform

Richard I (Richard the Lionheat)（未提）

King of England（1189 -1199）

John

King of England（1199 -1216）

the Great Charter

King John’s reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was the limitation of the king’s power, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.

Henry III

King of England（1216 -1272）

The Civil War—At the battle of Lewes in Sussex in 1264 the king was defeated by Simon De Montfort and taken prisoner.

Provisions of Oxford

Simon de Monfort

Henry III’s brother-in-law and led the barons to rebel the king and forced the king and his son to accept<the Provisions of Oxford>. Then was defeated and killed by Prince Edward at the battle of Evesham in 1265.

The beginning of Parliament

The Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.

Henry III

(Restored to the throne in 1265)

Edward I

King of England（1272 -1307）

Under Edward I, Wales was conquered and came under the English Crown. And he presented his son to Welsh people as Prince of Wales.

Edward II（未提）

King of England（1307 -1327）

Edward III

King of England（1327 -1377）

① The Hundred Year’s War with France

It refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lost almost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.

② The Black Death

It is a modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.

Richard II

King of England（1377 -1399）

Peasant uprising

三、兰开斯特王朝  The Lancaster（1399-1464）

Henry IV（未提）

King of England（1399 -1413）

Henry V（未提）

King of England（1413 -1422）

Henry VI

King of England（1422 -1461）

The Wars of Rose

The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.

四、约克王朝  The York（1461-1485）

Edward IV

King of England（1461 -1483）

Edward V

King of England（1483 -1483）

Richard III

King of England（1483 -1485）

五、都铎王朝  The Tudor（1485-1603）

Henry VII

King of England（1485 -1509）

1. He refilled the royal treasury through loans, subsidies, property levies and fines;

2. He forbade the nobles to keep excessive power;

3. He made it clear to all foreign powers who might hope to disrupt his country by reviving old hostility that this would be dangerous.

4. He gave England peace at home and abroad, which meant that he was able to build up England’s navy and foreign trade.

Henry VIII

King of England（1509 -1547）

Henry VIII

He was a great king and remembered for his religious reform of the church. His reform stressed the power of the monarch and strengthened the Parliament’s importance.

Edward VI

King of England（1547 -1553）

Real religious change. People call his switch to Protestant theology”The Reformation.”

Marry Tudor

Queen of England and Ireland（1553 -1558）

Blood Marry

Henry VIII’s daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants, so she was given the nickname “Blood Marry”. Marry is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.

Elizabeth I

Queen of England and Ireland（1558 -1603）

One of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.

 

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