¼ò´ðÌâ
1£¬What are the two controversies?
´ð£ºthere were two famous controversies in ancient Greece.One was between the naturalists and the conventionalists on the relations between form and meaning.The other one was between the analogisis and the anomalists on the regularities of language.
2.What is the difference between linguistic competence and linguistic performance?
´ð£ºLinguistic competence refers to the internalized knowledge of the language that a native speaker of that language possesses.It includes the ability to understand and produce an infinite number of sentences,to detect ambiguity contained in sentences.to tell whether a sentence is grammatical or not,to understand the internal structure of sentences,and to  detect paraphrases.Linguistic performance refers to the actual utterances produced by the native speakwes.The native speaker may make mistakes or errors in his performance,but this does not mean that he has not got the ability to produce grammatical sentences.
3.What is the basic theory of Gestalt psychology?
´ð£ºThe basic theory of Gestalt psychology is that an object was not the sum of the individuak parts,and the meaning units of consciousness are whole,organized constructs which cannot be understood by an analysis of elementary judgements and sensations.taht is to say,the mind must be understood in terms of a whole,not individual parts.
4.What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
´ð£ºSkinner argued that learning processes could be divided into two kinds.One kind of learning processes is now called classical conditioning,by which a stimulus that did not elicit a response comes to elicit a response comes to elicit a response after it is paired aeveral times with a stimulus that already elicit a response.The other kind of learning processes is now labelled as operant conditioning by which the occurrence of a response willbe determined by the consequences of the response.
ÂÛÊöÌâ
1.State the birth,development and influence of American structuralism.
´ð£º1)American structuralism started at the beginning of the 20th century and was very popular and influential in the 1930s and 1940s throughout the world.2)Contribution of Boas Sapir and Bloomfield.3)Influence of behaviourism American structuralism.4)During the years World War2,a lot of American struturalists joined in the training of military personnel and they summarized the ideas principles of structuralism and applied them systematically to the teaching of foreign languages.their methods were so successful that they set a new approach to foreign language teaching on its course.
2.How does the cognitive theory explain the second language acquistion process?
´ð£º1)The cognitive theory of second language acquisition originated from cognitive psychology and was put forward by scholars like Barry McLaughin.2)The cognitive theory of second language acquisition claims that second language learning should be regarded as the acquistion of a complex cognitive skill,and its internal representations are bases on the target language system and include procedures for selecting appropriate vocabulary,grammatical rules,and pragmatic conventions governing language use.3)In the cognitive theory,automaticity and restructuring are the most important notions.4)The cognitive theory holds that language learning at the beginning stage involves more of the process of automaticity while language learnning at the advanced atage usually involves more of the process of restructuring.
3.Give your ideas that Chomsky's transformational generative lingustics started a revolution in the linguistics world.
´ð£º1)In 1957,Noam Chomsky published his book Syntactic Structures,which started a revolution in the linguistic world and ushered in a newschool the transformational genertive linguistics.2)Although Chomsky was trair in the structuralist tradition,he was not satisfied with the theory of structuralism,which wsa inadquate in explaining some common lingustic facts and phenomena.3)Chomsky used language acquisition device to explain language qcquisition process.4)Chomsky proposed linguistic competence and linguistic performance and held the position that linguistics should study the linguistic competence,not the performance of the native speaker.5)Chomsky argues,a deductive,hypothesis-testing approach should be taken.6)Chomsky is interested in the mental process and tries to describe the grammatical knowledge of the native apeakers of a language.