The Direct Method
Developed in the late 19th century
Hermann Paul – formed the main linguistic base of the Direct Method
W. M. Wundt – founded the psychological foundation for the Direct Method
F. Gouin (1831-1896) – developed the teaching method based on Direct Method
M. D. Berlitz (1852-1921) – established Berlitz School us Berlitz Method which was one school of the Direct Method
Richards and Rodgers – summarized Berlitz’s Method

The Oral Approach
Developed in 1920s-1930s
Harold Palmer
A. S. Hornby

The Audiolingual Method
Developed during WWII, used for military purposes,
Charles Fries – structural linguistics
Bloomfield – structural linguistics

The cognitive approach
Increasing attention on cognitive psychology during 1960s-1970s
Noam Chomsky p120

The natural approach
Proposed in 1977, by
Tracy Terrell
Stephen Krashen

The communicative approach
Developed in the 1970s in Europe
Wilkins – writer of “notional syllabus”
Halliday – social context of language use can be analyzed in terms of 3 factors: the field, tenor and mode of discourse. P179
Hymes – “communicative competence” refers to the ability not only to apply the grammatical rules of a language on order to form grammatically correct sentences but also to know when and where to use these sentences and to whom
Widdowson – he focused on the communicative acts underlying the ability to use language for different purposes
Canale and Swain – 4 dimensions: grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse and strategic competence,.
Richards and Rodgers

Total Physical Response – James Asher
Silent way – Caleb Cattegno
Community Language learning – Charles A. Curren
Suggestopaedia – G. Lozanov
 

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