广东外语外贸大学公开学院英语词汇学试卷 （A 卷） Open University

Examination for C020501

ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY

18 December 2007

Time allowed: 90 minutes

PLEASE MARK YOUR ANSWERS ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.

1. There are two approaches to the study of polysemy. They are _____.

A. primary and secondary

B. central and peripheral

C. diachronic and synchronic

D. formal and functional

2. Which of the following is NOT a stylistic feature of idioms?

A. Colloquial

B. Slang

C. Negative

D. Literary

3. Synonyms can be classified into two major groups, that is:

A. absolute and relative

B. absolute and complete

C. relative and near

D. complete and identical

4. In the early period of Middle English, English, _____ existed side by side.

A. Celtic and Danish

B. Danish and French

C. Latin and Celtic

D. French and Latin

5. A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single _____ morpheme.

A. formal

B. concrete

C. free

D. bound

6. Which of the following groups of words in NOT onomatopoeically motivated?

A. croak, drum

B. squeak, bleat

C. buzz, neigh

D. bang, trumpet

7. LDCE is distinctive for its

A. clear grammar codes

B. usage notes

C. language notes

D. all of the above

8. From the historical point of view, English is more closely related to

A. German

B. French

C. Scottish

D. Irish

9. Which of the following is NOT an acronym?

A. TOEFL

B. ODYSSEY

C. BASIC

D. CCTV

10. In the course-book, the author lists _____ types of context clues for inferring word meaning.

A. eight

B. six

C. seven

D. five

11. Sources of homonyms include

A. changes in sound and spelling

B. borrowing

C. shortening

D. all of the above

12. The written form of English is a(n) _____ representation of the spoken form.

A. selective

B. adequate

C. imperfect

D. natural

13. Structurally a _____ is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.

A. morpheme

B. stem

C. word

D. compound

14. Unlike affixes, _____ are often free morphemes.

A. suffixes

B. prefixes

C. inflectional morphemes

D. roots

15. The four major foreign contributors to the English vocabulary in earlier times were French, Latin, _____.

A. Scandinavian and Italian

B. Greek and Scandinavian

C. Celtic and Greek

D. Italian and Spanish

16. _____ is used in particular discipline and academic areas.

A. Jargon

B. Terminology

C. Slang

D. Argot

17. Word formation excludes _____.

A. affixation and compounding

B. conversion and shortening

C. clipping, acronymy and blending

D. repetition and alliteration

18. The differences between compounds and free phrases show in _____ aspects.

A. phonetic

B. semantic

C. grammatical

D. all the above

19. “Mouth” in “the mouth of river” is _____.

A. onomatopoetically motivated

B. morphologically motivated

C. semantically motivated

D. etymologically motivated

20. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation _____ concatenation.

A. is behind

B. precedes

C. is with

D. makes up for

21. Of the modes of word-meaning changes, _____ are the most common.

A. elevation and transfer

B. narrowing and degradation

C. extension and narrowing

D. degradation and transfer

22. The chief function of prefixation is to _____.

A. change meanings of the stems

B. change the word-class of the stem

C. change grammatical function

D. all the above

23. A concept has _____ referring expressions.

A. one

B. many

C. a few

D. none of the above

24. Forms and functions of idioms are _____.

A. identical

B. not identical

C. different

D. not necessarily identical

25. The most important sources of synonyms are perhaps _____.

A. dialects and regional English

B. borrowing

C. figurative and euphemistic use of words

D. coincidence with idiomatic expressions

26. The overwhelming majority of blends are _____.

A. verbs

B. nouns

C. adjectives

D. adverbial

27. The “de-” in “decompose” is a(n) _____ prefix.

A. negative

B. pejorative

C. reversative

D. orientation

28. Old English has a vocabulary of about _____ words.

A. 30,000 to 40,000

B. 40,000 to 50,000

C. 50,000 to 60,000

D. 60,000 to 70,000

29. _____ is right.

A. Root and stem are identical

B. Root includes stem

C. Root and stem are completely different

D. Stem includes root

30. The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of _____.

A. spelling

B. pronunciation

C. stress

D. function

31. _____ are contrary antonyms.

A. True and false

B. Rich and poor

C. Parent and child

D. Male and female

32. _____ is used in the idiom “live by one’s pen”.

A. Metonymy

B. synecdoche

C. Metaphor

D. Personification

33. Free morphemes and free roots are _____.

A. identical

B. different

C. the former includes the latter

D. the latter includes the former

34. In compounds, the word stress usually occurs on _____ whereas in noun phrase _____ is generally stressed if there is only one stress.

A. the first element/the second element

B. the second element/the first element

C. the first element/the first element

D. the second element/the second element

35. Motivation accounts for connection between the linguistic symbol and _____.

A. its meaning

B. its sound

C. its form

D. none of the above

36. “Paper” in “a white paper” means _____.

A. an essay written at the end of the term

B. a government document

C. newspaper

D. a set of questions used as an exam

37. _____ have experienced the extensions of meanings.

A. Polysemic words of modern English

B. Technical terms in the past

C. Proper nouns in the past

D. All the above

38. Idiom manifests apparent rhetorical coloring which doesn’t include _____.

A. phonetic manipulation

B. lexical manipulation

C. grammatical functions

D. figures of speech

39. Now people generally refer to _____ as old English.

A. Anglo-Saxon

B. Celtic

C. Latin

D. Armenian

40. Both LDCE and CCELD are _____.

A. general dictionaries

B. monolingual dictionaries

C. both A and B

D. neither A nor B

41. The smallest functioning unit in the making of words is _____.

A. word

B. morpheme

C. morph

D. root

42. “Law-abiding” is _____.

A. an adjective compound

B. a noun compound

C. a verb compound

D. none of the above

43. “_____” is not a morphologically-motivated word.

A. Black market

B. Airmail

C. Reading-lamp

D. Hopeless

44. Relative synonyms are similar or nearly the same in _____ meaning.

A. stylistic

B. affective

C. conceptual

D. collocative

45. Extra-linguistic factors of word-meaning change include _____.

A. historical and class reason

B. historical and psychological reason

C. psychological and class reason

D. all the above

46. Borrowing as a source of homonymy in English can be illustrated by _____.

A. long (not short)

B. fair (a market)

C. rock (rock ’n’ roll)

D. ad (advertisement)

47. In a broad sense, idioms may include _____.

A. colloquialisms

B. catchphrases

C. slang

D. all the above

48. Associative meaning comprises several types except _____ meaning.

A. connotative

B. stylistic

C. affective

D. lexical

49. Modern English is considered to be a(n) _____ language.

A. inflected

B. analytic

C. synthetic

D. new

50. “Pen” is a(n) _____-motivated word.

A. onomatopoetically

B. morphologically

C. semantically

D. etymologically

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false.

51. Since each idiom is a semantic whole, each can be replaced by a single word.

52. Stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.

53. Transfer is a process by or less definite concept.

54. Stylistically speaking, most idioms are neither formal nor informal.

55. Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic features of words.

56. Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.

57. Context clues refer to the hints given in a context. which a word with specialized sense is generalized to cover

58. The English language is the language of the early inhabitants of the British Isles.

59. Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristics of both linguistic dictionaries and encyclopedia.

60. Initialisms are words that are pronounced as normal words; acronyms are those which are pronounced letter by letter.

61. Semantic loans are words whose meaning are borrowed, e.g. humor, chopstick, silk, long time no see, tea, etc.

62. Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves.

63. Vocabulary is the most stable element of a language.

64. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.

65. Contrary terms are non-gradable and allow intermediate members in between.

66. Absolute or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning and spelling.

67. Collocative meaning is the part of meaning a word acquires in its collocation, or the meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.

68. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional.

69. Clipping is a way of making new words which involves the shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.

70. The introduction of Christianity had little impact on the English vocabulary.

71. Allomorph refers to any of the different forms of a morpheme.

72. From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place.

73. By etymological motivation, we mean that the meaning of a particular word is related to its origin.

74. There are four types of loan-words: denizens, aliens, translation loans and semantic loans.

75. Compounds are words formed by combining affixes and stems.

76. Some idioms deny analysis in terms of grammar.

77. Inference of meaning means guessing word meaning according to context.

78. A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.

79. The pejorative are those words which imply some negative connotations for disapproval, contempt or criticism.

80. A variation of an idiom is the same idiom used in a different sense.

81. Words with morphological motivation are those words formed with affixes and stems according to the word-formation rules.

82. Translation-loan are words and expressions from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns from another language.

83. Open compounds look like free phrases as the elements forming each word are written separately.

84. Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words with little change in word endings.

85. The marked terms of an antonymous pair often covers the meaning of the unmarked.

86. Only affixed are bound morphemes.

87. A word is a minimum free form and all words can occur in isolation.

88. There had been borrowings from Greek into Old and Middle English, but they had com in a broaderthrough Latin or French.

89. Few of the loan words have been perfectly naturalized in usage.

90. In English most of the literary words are of French, Latin or Greek origin.

91. Content words belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words, in comparison to function words.

92. A morpheme is identical with a syllable.

93. The Latin and Greek roots are usually bound morphemes and cannot stand alone.

94. Inflectional affixes have not only independent lexical meaning but also affective meaning.

95. A hybrid is a word made up of elements from two or more different languages.

96. Stress is a very reliable indicator of compound status.

97. The major living prefixes are classified into eight categories by their meaning.

98. There are a few –able adjectives, formed from intransitive verbs, with an active meaning.

99. Semantic motivation is a kind of mental association while morphological motivation refers to a direct connection between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.

100. Nouns are declined, verbs are conjugated and gradable adjectives have degrees of comparison.

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